Acne, a common skin issue characterized by the development of pimples, commonly appears on the face due to blocked pores. Although teenagers and young adults are often affected, acne can also occur in adulthood. Treatments are available to help clear the skin of acne and prevent scarring.

Types of acne

Fungal acne (pityrosporum folliculitis)

Fungal acne occurs when there is an accumulation of yeast within your hair follicles, resulting in itchiness and inflammation.

Cystic acne

Cystic acne causes the formation of deep, pus-filled pimples and nodules, potentially resulting in scarring.

Hormonal acne:

Excessive sebum production is the main cause of hormonal acne in adults, resulting in the blockage of pores.

Nodular acne: 

Nodular acne is an advanced form of acne distinguished by the appearance of pimples on the skin's surface and sensitive, nodular lumps beneath the skin.

Acne, no matter its type, can deeply impact self-esteem. It's essential to remember that both cystic and nodular acne can result in permanent scarring, underscoring the importance of seeking timely medical assistance to determine the most effective treatment options for your unique circumstances.

Who does acne affect?

Acne is a common skin condition that can affect people of all ages. It is most prevalent in teenagers and young adults due to hormonal changes, but it can also occur in adulthood. Women and AFAB individuals are more likely to experience adult acne. Having a family history of acne can increase your risk of developing it.

How common is acne?

If you're dealing with acne, it's important to understand that you're not alone. Acne is the most prevalent skin condition, affecting an estimated 80% of individuals aged 11 to 30, with many experiencing at least mild forms of acne.

‍Symptoms and Causes

What are the signs of acne?

Pimples (pustules): Bumps filled with pus.

Papules: Small, colored bumps, often red to purple or darker than your skin tone.

Blackheads: Clogged pores with a dark top.

Whiteheads: Clogged pores with a white top.

Nodules: Large, painful lumps under the skin.

Cysts: Painful, fluid-filled lumps under the skin.

Acne can range from mild with occasional pimples, to moderate with inflammatory papules, and severe with nodules and cysts.

What causes acne?

Acne occurs due to blockages in hair follicles or pores. Hair follicles are tiny tubes that house individual hair strands and are linked to various glands. Excessive buildup of material within these follicles leads to blockages. Pores can also become blocked by:

Sebum:  An oily substance that forms a protective barrier on your skin.

Bacteria:  Excessive amounts of bacteria can lead to the blockage of your pores, as small quantities of bacteria are naturally present on your skin.

Dead skin cells:  Your skin sheds cells regularly to allow for new cell growth. Sometimes, the dead skin cells can become trapped in your hair follicles.

Clogged pores can lead to the plugging of hair follicles, resulting in the formation of a pimple. This process triggers inflammation, causing pain, swelling, and sometimes redness or skin discoloration around the affected area.

Triggers of acne

Several environmental factors can contribute to acne or exacerbate breakouts. These include:

• Wearing tight-fitting clothing and headgear, such as hats and sports helmets.
• Exposure to air pollution and specific weather conditions, particularly high humidity.
• Use of oily or greasy personal care products, like heavy lotions and creams, or working in environments with frequent contact with grease, such as restaurant kitchens.
• Stress, which can elevate cortisol levels, a hormone linked to acne.
• Side effects of certain medications.
• Picking at acne lesions.

Foods that cause acne

Some studies suggest that certain foods and diets may be linked to acne, including:

- Skim milk.

- Whey protein.

- Diets high in sugar.

While high-sugar diets may contribute to acne outbreaks, chocolate itself is not directly linked to acne.

To lower your risk of acne, opt for a balanced, nutritious diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly those high in vitamin C and beta-carotene, which can help reduce inflammation.

Hormones and acne

Acne primarily results from hormonal changes, particularly the activation of androgen hormones like testosterone during adolescence and early adulthood. Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during menstruation, can also play a role. Increased sensitivity to these hormones, along with the presence of skin bacteria and gland secretions, can lead to acne.

‍Treatment

How is acne treated?

Acne can be treated in several ways, depending on its severity. Mild acne can often be managed with over-the-counter topical treatments containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. For moderate to severe acne, prescription medications like topical retinoids, oral antibiotics, or hormonal therapies may be necessary. In some cases, isotretinoin (Accutane) may be prescribed for severe, cystic acne. Additionally, procedures like light therapy, chemical peels, and extraction of whiteheads and blackheads can help improve acne. Treatment plans are often tailored to the individual's specific needs and may require a combination of approaches.

How long does it typically take for acne to clear up?

Acne pimples typically clear up on their own within one to two weeks. Using medicated treatments and a proper skincare regimen can accelerate healing. Severe acne may take several weeks to improve, even with treatment.

What are some ways to prevent acne?

While you can't entirely prevent acne, especially during hormonal changes, you can lower your risk by:

- Washing your face daily with warm water and a gentle facial cleanser.

- Using an oil-free Moisturizer.

- Choosing "non comedogenic" makeup products and removing makeup before bed.

- Avoiding touching your face with your hands.

‍Note:

Acne is the most common skin condition and can affect your mental health and self-esteem. If you have persistent acne, seek treatment from a healthcare provider or dermatologist. Sometimes, medication is necessary if at-home treatments aren't effective. Avoid picking or popping pimples to prevent scarring. Remember, acne is temporary and can be managed with the right treatment tailored to your skin.